Further Testimonials:
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LESSON LEARNED
Wildlife are migratory species and need to be managed beyond the state protected areas. This will require local community involvement in governance of wildlife and strong institution in managing Natural resources.
The governance of wildlife means local to have power or control over wildlife resources within their areas for their benefits. At this point l learnt that participatory wildlife management is key in achieving a good governance of wildlife as well as other Natural resources.
Additionally, l learned that the issue of local ownership must be given priority in managing the wildlife or natural resources. Local community must have right to access resources in their land and policies makers should consider local community ownership of natural resources. This should only have to be done through a participatory natural resources/wildlife management where the whole community discuss and agree on the uses of their Natural resource in holistic manners for their rural development as well as poverty reduction.
Another lesson which was learned was the principles of community based Natural resource management-CBNRM that must be observed in implementing CNRM programme and it will be helping in achieving a sustainable governance of wildlife and other Natural resources.
It has been learned that Wildlife economic has more opportunities and benefits compared to other land uses. Through tourism, wildlife provides revenues, employment, protein and other opportunities. Therefore, its a good source of income for local development as has been observed in CBNRM case studies.
In conclusion, there is a big relationship between wildlife, governance of wildlife and wildlife economic and the local community need to feel that wildlife is their economics and it need to be good governed for themselves.
Specific lessons to be applied in my job place
The specific lessons which will be applied in my job place will be a participatory governance of wildlife, CBNRM principles and wildlife economics especially the issue of benefits sharing.
In addition, governance Dashboard is one of the lesson learned and it will be applied in my job place since it would be a useful tool.
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The United Nations Environment Programme held a two-day summit on June 24-25, 2019 at Victoria Falls, gathering around 1300 delegates representing over 30 African countries to discuss the African wildlife economy (summit report, 2019).
This event corroborates the widening sentiment amongst the rural communities in Africa that as custodians of wildlife over centuries, Governments should promote economic opportunities to people in rural areas and engage these communities through sustainable use of wildlife to improve their livelihoods, this expanding opportunity for tourism, rural communities, and wildlife for the benefit of Africa. More than 40 community representatives from across the continent attended a summit that had concerning key issues such as
(i) assuring rights to benefits for local communities through relevant laws,
(ii) instituting proper structures that ensure equitable distribution of benefits accrued from the wildlife economy,
(iii) promote proper governance through elaborate transparent and accountable processes, systems and institutions,
(iv) ensure participation by all stakeholders in decision making,
(v) develop a regulatory framework that attracts private sector investment,
(vi) call for development partners to enhance conditions that encourage private sector investment and catalyze financing options for conservation of natural resources.
So, these compromising thoughts embrace breaking the chains of the wildlife management principles from the colonial era and awakening African governments to recognize communities as the major player and partners in sustainability, managing wildlife, and equitably sharing the benefits. This is what the lecturing of this course addressed from the beginning.
Almost all case studies discussed during the classes have tipped issues related to engagement, recognition, equitable sharing, governance, and decision-making regarding how the community can best structure itself as capable local institutions to better its participation in wildlife management programs.
The set of topics discussed during the training was very useful. It has provided tools to the participants to widen their knowledge and shape the ways our countries are implementing CBNRM.
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1. What are the most and least useful things you learned in this class?
The course was really amazing and important for building my ability to deal with issues related to CBNRM. The material was extensive, although if you allow me to say, the time was not enough to capture all the material provided in the course. So I consider that all the material presented in the course was wisely selected. In terms of most important matter, I must consider that issues related to wildlife economy as a whole were essential, and this is justified by the fact that I believe that due attention in not being given to this matter, considering that the African continent is abundant in natural resources, and at the same time these resources are not reflected in development and economic growth.
On the other hand, the second issue, which is also important in parallel with the first, is the management of natural resources by local communities. This matter is closely linked to the first one, insofar as Africa has an abundance of natural resources, the local communities that are located closest to these resources are the ones that suffer the most from poverty.
The course had the advantage of opening the mind to the fact that, on one hand, the institutional structure, while protecting and prohibiting the use of natural resources by local communities, contributes to the exacerbation of poverty in these same communities, aggravated by the fact that the overvaluation of these resources constitutes a curse of the same because the communities, not being able to use them, and subject to situations of conflict man and wildlife, look at them with antagonism.
Therefore, the course opens the perspective of creating institutional mechanisms to return the management of these resources to the local communities and continuously promote their integration as an economic asset with value, which contributes to the well being of people living in Africa.
2. What specific lessons will you apply to your job?
As a lawyer there is lots of things brought by the course to implement in my day to day job. The course brings of course a different perspective on how to enable the development of communities, and that is by opening and allowing the communities to have proprietorship over the natural resources.
The legal framework of my country (Mozambique) focus on state property over land and natural resources, but there are some legal permissions that can allow for communities to develop themselves.
The law allows the establishment of community conservation areas, but does not clarify how to implement, structure and bring real benefits to them. The course therefore has provided and is providing material to increase added value to the empowerment of local communities, which will be a continuous job.
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Southern Africa countries are the cauldron of Community-Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM). The main goal of CBNRM is the increase the worth of wildlife resources to communities who leaves with wildlife and in turns this helps in poverty reduction and incentivizes conservation. CBNRM is a potential remedy to the marginalization of communities and landholders and the need to reassemble institutions. So far, I have learnt a lot of things regarding CBNRM and mostly of them are useful to my current position other are useful to my country Tanzania. Some of the things are:
• Zimbabwe’s Communal Areas Programme for Indigenous Resource Management (CAMPFIRE) was an innovator programme for several reasons. CAMPFIRE successfully conveyed for the first time a profoundly different way of imagining about and pursuing wildlife management, based not on protectionist conservation tactics but on promoting wildlife use by rural communities and landholders. The principles and experiences from CAMPFIRE continue sustaining value to CBNRM evolution in Africa.
• CAMPFIRE proposed a full decentralization of proprietorship over wildlife to local communities/landholders to build as strong linkage so that cost and benefits of staying with wildlife can be experienced at local level. Example in Namibia, local communities have right and full devolution to wild resources than it is found in other CBNRM program in the region. Communities are given wide rights over wildlife when they accomplish some basic principles. Crucially, communities retain 100% of revenue generated from hunting or tourism, or any uses of wildlife. This holding of revenues flows plausibly from the fundamental principle that the main objective of the conservancies is one of economic development instead of wildlife conservation. The Namibia model acknowledges that the primary interest of local communities turns around economic priorities. The state subsidies from the conservancies across overall increasing tourism and wildlife-related enterprise, cantered on the rising abundance and value of the wildlife resource benefit in communal lands, rather than through direct taxation of the conservancies themselves.
• In thinking of land holders/local communities the CAMPFIRE programme was prudently attuned to thinking around governance to community and management of their property and how community can increase their competence and efficacy as governance institution to their resources. The CAMPFIRE programme in Southern Africa thought was to improve local governance, specifically in accountability and transparency in the collection, use and allocation of revenues, and consequently local benefits from wildlife, communities would be of a scale to capable in making decision in face-to-face and interact to each other regularly.
• Other important thing I have learned is the advantage of individual household benefits; benefits from conservation of wild resources in the design of successful incentives under CBNRM programme. The implementors of CAMPFIRE programme looked in ensuring that individual member of local communities receives straight benefits from CAMPFIRE and these individuals could decide themselves to retain as their bonuses or decide to contribute back into collective social services.
Specific lesson which am going to apply to my current job is participatory governance of wildlife. In order to sustain the natural resources, we have to date, it’s important for the country to have good governance on it, and this training have prayed a key role in upgrading my knowledge on wildlife governance. We are currently supporting the WMA towards financial sustainability, so it is impossible for them to do so without good governance and management.
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CBNRM is based in a community. The community should be able to define itself—whether it be a whole village or a group of resource users—and its members should agree to cooperate to manage resources. CBNRM encompasses natural resources. Natural resources—the resources people depend upon for their livelihoods—generally mean renewable natural resources, including water, forests, fisheries, rangeland, and wildlife. CBNRM involves management. This implies that there should be rules or regulations governing how, when, or in what quantity the resource can be used. These rules must be understood and agreed to by community members and recognized and respected beyond the community.
CBNRM aims to create the right incentives and conditions for an identified group of resource users within defined areas to use natural resources sustainably. This means enabling the resource users to benefit (economically) from resource management and providing strong rights and tenure over land and the resources. CBNRM also supports the development of accountable decision-making bodies that can represent community members and act in their interests. CBNRM promotes conservation through the sustainable use of natural resources, enables communities to generate income that can be used for rural development, and promotes democracy and good governance in local institutions.